The 1990s was a turbulent era in Europe in the aftermath of the Cold War, and state visits by the Queen, to Russia and a reunified Germany, helped to forge better UK relations with some of the countries experiencing extraordinary change.

On their state visit the Queen and Prince Philip tactfully avoided any reference to the Bolshevik murder of Czar Nicholas II and his family, to whom they were both distantly related. "You can't condemn a whole nation for what a few extremists do or did," the Prince told one UK reporter.

In 1992 the Queen (pictured) opened a Trade and Investment Exhibition in Maputo and saw a display of traditional dancing.

Another country that had emerged from political turbulence was the new post-apartheid South Africa, and the Queen was welcomed there in March 1995 by President Nelson Mandela. It was the first time she had visited since 1947, when she had celebrated her 21st birthday.

The Queen's State and Commonwealth Visits: 1990s

31 January 1990 Singapore (refuelling)
1 February 1990 Australia (refuelling in Brisbane)
1-16 February 1990 New Zealand (Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch)
17 February 1990 Australia (refuelling in Brisbane)
17 February 1990 Singapore (refuelling)
25-27 June 1990 Iceland, visiting President Vigdis Finnbogadottir
27 June-1 July 1990 Canada (Alberta, Ontario, Quebec)
14-17 May 1991 USA, visiting President Bush
7 October 1991 Kenya (overnight stop)
8-10 October 1991 Namibia (State visit)
10-19 October 1991 Zimbabwe
18-25 February 1992 Australia
28-30 May 1992 Malta (State visit)
9-12 June 1992 France, visiting President Mitterand
30 June - 2 July 1992 Canada (celebration of 125th anniversary of Confederation)
19-23 October 1992 Germany, visiting President Von Weizsacker
4-7 May 1993 Hungary, visiting President Goncz
18-24 October 1993 Cyprus
18 February 1994 Anguilla
19 February 1994 Dominica
19-22 February 1994 Guyana
22-24 February 1994 Belize
26-27 February 1994 Cayman Islands
1-3 March 1994 Jamaica
6-8 March 1994 Bahamas
8-10 March 1994 Bermuda
13-22 August 1994 Canada (Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Northwest Territories)
17-20 October 1994 Russia, visiting President Yeltsin
19-25 March 1995 South Africa
30 October-11 November 1995 New Zealand
25-27 March 1996 Poland, visiting President Kwasniewska
27-29 March 1996 Czech Republic, visiting President Havel
28 October-1 November 1996 Thailand, visiting King Bhumibol
23 June-2 July 1997 Canada (Newfoundland, Ontario, National Capital Region)
6-12 October 1997 Pakistan
12-18 October 1997 India
17-20 September 1998 Brunei Darussalam
20-23 September 1998 Malaysia
19-22 April 1999 South Korea, visiting President Kim Dae-jung
7-9 November 1999 Ghana
9-15 November 1999 South Africa
15 November 1999 Mozambique

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